Nitrate content and potential microbial signature of rock glacier outflow,Colorado Front Range     

M. W. Williams  M. Knauf  R. Cory  N. Caine  F. Liu 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(7):1032-1047

Here we characterize the nutrient content in the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier, located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was present in all samples with a mean concentration of 0·85 mg L^?1 . A one‐way analysis of variance test shows no statistical difference in DOC amounts among surface waters (p = 0·42). Average nitrate concentrations were 69 µmoles L^?1 in the outflow of the rock glacier, compared to 7 µmoles L^?1 in snow and 25 µmoles L^?1 in rain. Nitrate concentrations from the rock glacier generally increased with time, with maximum concentrations of 135 µmoles L^?1 in October, among the highest nitrate concentrations reported for high‐elevation surface waters. These high nitrate concentrations appear to be characteristic of rock glacier outflow in the Rocky Mountains, as a paired‐difference t‐test shows that nitrate concentrations from the outflow of 7 additional rock glaciers were significantly greater compared to their reference streams (p = 0·003). End‐member mixing analysis suggest that snow was the dominant source of nitrate in June, ‘soil’ solution was the dominant nitrate source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Fluoresence index values and PARAFAC analyses of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are also consistent with a switch from terrestrial DOM in the summer time period to an increasing aquatic‐like microbial source during the autumn months. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Factors influencing the release of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved forms of nitrogen from a small upland headwater during autumn runoff events   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Richard Cooper  Vera Thoss  Helen Watson 《水文研究》2007,21(5):622-633

We identify and assess the relative importance of the principal factors influencing the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved forms of nitrogen (N) from a small upland headwater dominated by podzolic soils during a sequence of autumn runoff events. We achieve this by subjecting high‐resolution hydrometeorological and hydrochemical data to an R‐mode principal component factor analysis and a stepwise multivariate regression analysis. We find that the release of DOC and N is influenced by four principal factors, namely event magnitude, soil water flow through the Bs horizon, the length of time since the soil profile was last flushed, and rewetting of the H horizon. The release of DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is most strongly influenced by the combination of event magnitude and soil water flow through the Bs horizon, and to a lesser extent by the length of time since the soil profile was last flushed. Rewetting of the H horizon also influences the release of DOC, but this is not the case for DON. The release of nitrate (NO₃‐N) is most strongly influenced by the combination of the length of time since the soil profile was last flushed and rewetting of the H horizon, and to a lesser extent by event magnitude. Soil water flow through the Bs horizon does not influence the release of NO₃‐N. We argue that the mechanisms by which the above factors influence the release of DOC and N are probably strongly associated with moisture‐dependent biological activity, which governs the turnover of organic matter in the soil and limits the availability of NO₃‐N in the soil for leaching. We conclude that the release of DOC and N from upland headwaters dominated by podzolic soils is largely controlled by the variable interaction of hydrometeorological factors and moisture‐dependent biological processes, and that a shift in climate towards drier summers and wetter winters may result in the release of DOC and N becoming increasingly variable and more episodic in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

On the Measurement of PANs by Gas Chromatography and Electron Capture Detection     

Frank?M.?FlockeEmail author  Andrew?J.?Weinheimer  Aaron?L.?Swanson  James?M.?Roberts  Rainer?Schmitt  Stephen?Shertz 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,52(1):19-43

A fast, automated, gas chromatographic system for the airborne measurement of PAN and a series of its homologues is described and its performance is evaluated. Response factors for PAN, PPN, APAN, PiBN, and MPAN have been determined and are discussed with regard to ECD response and to potential losses in the analytical system. Calibration methods used for these tasks are described and compared. The results from this work should help investigators who are employing the widely used GC/ECD method for the measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates to evaluate peaks of PAN homologues that cannot be calibrated for by using the reported response factors.  相似文献   

Uptake of the NO <Subscript>3</Subscript> Radical on Aqueous Surfaces     

Matthias?Schütze  Hartmut?HerrmannEmail author 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,52(1):1-18

Using a single drop experiment, the uptake of NO₃ radicals on aqueous solutions of the dye Alizarin Red S and NaCl was measured at 293 K. Uptake coefficients in the range (1.7–3.1) ⋅ 10^{− 3} were measured on Alizarin Red S solutions. The uptake coefficients measured on NaCl solutions were in the range of (1.1–2.0) ⋅ 10⁻³ depending on the salt concentration. Both experiments lead to a consistent result for the mass accommodation coefficient of α_NO3 = (4.2_{− 1.7}^+2.2)⋅ 10⁻³. The product H(D_l k_Cl−^II)^0.5 for the NO₃ radical was determined to be (1.9 ± 0.2) M atm^{− 1} cm s^−0.5 M^−0.5 s^−0.5 by fitting the uptake data for the NaCl solutions to the so-called resistance model. The yield of the chemical NO₃ radical source was characterized using UV-VIS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The amount of gas-phase NO₃ radicals measured at elevated humidities was less than expected. Instead, a rise of the gas-phase HNO₃ concentration was found indicating a conversion of gas-phase NO₃ radicals to gas-phase HNO₃ on the moist reactor walls.  相似文献   

A possible new molecular mechanism of thundercloud electrification   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Pavel Jungwirth  Daniel Rosenfeld  Victoria Buch 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):190

Thunderclouds are electrified when charge is transferred between small and large ice particles colliding in a cloud that contains strong updrafts. The small ice particles rise with one type of charge and the large ice particles fall and carry with them downward the other type of charge, which is most often negative, so that normally lightning lowers negative charge from cloud to the ground. While the collisional mechanism of thundercloud charging is well established, the nature of the charge transfer between the colliding ice particles is not very well understood on the atomic level, and no present theory can explain it in full detail. Here we propose a new charge separation mechanism that is based on molecular dynamics simulations of particle surfaces and collisions, keeping track of the individual charges as they move in the form of salt ions from one ice particle to another. Under normal conditions, when sulfates dominate as cloud condensation nuclei, this ionic mechanism is consistent with the prevailing negative charging of graupels in thunderclouds. Moreover, with dearth of sulfate anions, the present mechanism predicts a shift towards positive charging. This fits well to a large range of observations of enhanced positive lightning, connected with smoke rich in chlorides and nitrates, that could not be explained satisfactorily previously.  相似文献   

反硝化条件下苯生物降解的微环境研究   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

李东艳  孔惠 《地球科学》2000,25(5):493-497

探讨了厌氧微环境中苯的生物降解.接种物来自北京郊区的稻田土.结果表明, 在富集培养和转移培养微环境中, 苯和甲苯的降解与硝酸盐还原作用同时发生.甲苯比苯更易降解, 甲苯的存在促进了苯的降解.这是一例反硝化条件下苯能被生物降解的研究   相似文献   

海水中胶体有机碳的测定──高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法的比较   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王江涛  赵卫红  谭丽菊  张正斌 《海洋学报》2000,22(2):65-70

利用切向超滤(cross-flow ultrafiltration)技术对海水中胶体有机碳(COC)和真溶解有机碳(UOC)进行了分离,并分别用高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法对胶体有机碳和真溶解有机碳进行了测定。测定结果表明,切向超滤能定量分离海水中的胶体有机碳,高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法对胶体有机碳和真溶解有机碳的测定结果没有明显的系统误差,表明这两种方法的氧化效率基本相同,胶体粒子的存在,对紫外/过硫酸钾法的氧化效率没有显着影响。  相似文献   

A sensor package for the simultaneous determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in seawater by fluorescence detection   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Robert T. Masserini Jr.  Kent A. Fanning 《Marine Chemistry》2000,68(4):1421

A fluorescence-based chemistry has been developed for the detection of nitrite and nitrate (as excess nitrite following reduction of nitrate to nitrite). Detection limits are 4.6 and 6.9 nM, respectively. The technique capitalizes on the triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms within the diazonium ion formed via the well-known reaction between an acidified nitrite sample and an aromatic primary amine. Fluorescence of π-electrons within this bond allows this reaction to be probed with standard fluorescence spectroscopy. Reverse Flow Injection Analysis (rFIA) is used to correct for background fluorescence from leachates and naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Comparisons of samples analyzed for nitrite with this technique and with a highly-sensitive chemiluminescent method [Braman, R.S., Hendrix, S.A., 1989. Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by vanadium (III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Analytical Chemistry, 61 (24) 2716–2718] showed excellent agreement between the two methods (slope=0.9996 and r²=0.9956). These fluorescent nitrite and nitrate + nitrite chemistries were coupled in a sensor package with a modified version of a fluorescent ammonia chemistry [Jones, R.D., 1991. An improved fluorescence method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonia in natural waters, Limnology and Oceanography. 36(4) 814–819], which also has a nanomolar detection limit. The throughput rate of the fully automated three-channel instrumentation is 18 samples per hour. A field experiment demonstrated the capability of the nutrient sensor package to determine horizontal gradients in nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia in oligotrophic surface waters.  相似文献   

A modelling framework to simulate field‐scale nitrate response and transport during snowmelt: The WINTRA model          下载免费PDF全文

Diogo Costa  Jennifer Roste  John Pomeroy  Helen Baulch  Jane Elliott  Howard Wheater  Cherie Westbrook 《水文研究》2017,31(24):4250-4268

Modelling nutrient transport during snowmelt in cold regions remains a major scientific challenge. A key limitation of existing nutrient models for application in cold regions is the inadequate representation of snowmelt, including hydrological and biogeochemical processes. This brief period can account for more than 80% of the total annual surface runoff in the Canadian Prairies and Northern Canada and processes such as atmospheric deposition, overwinter redistribution of snow, ion exclusion from snow crystals, frozen soils, and snow‐covered area depletion during melt influence the distribution and release of snow and soil nutrients, thus affecting the timing and magnitude of snowmelt runoff nutrient concentrations. Research in cold regions suggests that nitrate (NO₃) runoff at the field‐scale can be divided into 5 phases during snowmelt. In the first phase, water and ions originating from ion‐rich snow layers travel and diffuse through the snowpack. This process causes ion concentrations in runoff to gradually increase. The second phase occurs when this snow ion meltwater front has reached the bottom of the snowpack and forms runoff to the edge‐of‐the‐field. During the third and fourth phases, the main source of NO₃ transitions from the snowpack to the soil. Finally, the fifth and last phase occurs when the snow has completely melted, and the thawing soil becomes the main source of NO₃ to the stream. In this research, a process‐based model was developed to simulate hourly export based on this 5‐phase approach. Results from an application in the Red River Basin of southern Manitoba, Canada, shows that the model can adequately capture the dynamics and rapid changes of NO₃ concentrations during this period at relevant temporal resolutions. This is a significant achievement to advance the current nutrient modelling paradigm in cold climates, which is generally limited to satisfactory results at monthly or annual resolutions. The approach can inform catchment‐scale nutrient models to improve simulation of this critical snowmelt period.  相似文献   

Unexpected nationwide nitrate declines in groundwater of Korea          下载免费PDF全文

Jin‐Yong Lee  Kideok D. Kwon  Yu‐Chul Park  Woo‐Hyun Jeon 《水文研究》2017,31(26):4693-4704

Elevated levels of nitrate in groundwater are an important concern for health and the environment. The overapplication of nitrogen fertilizer to croplands is one of the major sources of high nitrate content in groundwater. In this study, we analyse the nitrate concentrations in Korean groundwater based on data from groundwater quality monitoring wells (n = 1,022–2,072), which were sampled twice annually over a recent 13‐year analysis period (2001–2013). We report that groundwater nitrate levels are decreasing, despite steadily increasing groundwater use. The maximum nitrate concentration decreased from 168.91 to 48.11 mg/L, whereas the mean values also show a gradual decreasing trend. Non‐parametric Mann–Kendall tests on nitrate concentrations also confirm the decreasing trend. The nitrate decrease is more clearly evident in agricultural groundwater as compared to domestic and drinking groundwaters. This decrease of nitrate in groundwater coincides with a large decline in nitrogen fertilizer application due to reduced cropland areas, more sustainable agricultural practices, and progressive improvement of sewage disposal services. This study proposes that the long‐term adoption of best practices in agriculture has had a positive impact on groundwater nitrate control.  相似文献